Members,

  Desiring to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade, and taking into account the need to promote effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights, and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade;

  Recognizing, to this end, the need for new rules and disciplines concerning:

(a) the applicability of the basic principles of GATT 1994 and of relevant international intellectual property agreements or conventions;
 

(b) the provision of adequate standards and principles concerning the availability, scope and use of trade-related intellectual property rights;
 

(c) the provision of effective and appropriate means for the enforcement of trade-related intellectual property rights, taking into account differences in national legal systems;
 

(d) the provision of effective and expeditious procedures for the multilateral prevention and settlement of disputes between governments; and
 

(e) transitional arrangements aiming at the fullest participation in the results of the negotiations;

  Recognizing the need for a multilateral framework of principles, rules and disciplines dealing with international trade in counterfeit goods;

  Recognizing that intellectual property rights are private rights;

  Recognizing the underlying public policy objectives of national systems for the protection of intellectual property, including developmental and technological objectives;

  Recognizing also the special needs of the least-developed country Members in respect of maximum flexibility in the domestic implementation of laws and regulations in order to enable them to create a sound and viable technological base;

  Emphasizing the importance of reducing tensions by reaching strengthened commitments to resolve disputes on trade-related intellectual property issues through multilateral procedures;

  Desiring to establish a mutually supportive relationship between the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization (referred to in this Agreement as “WIPO”) as well as other relevant international organizations;

  Hereby agree as follows:

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