2.1 Scientific justification

Article 2 of the SPS Agreement stresses that Members have the right to adopt SPS measures to achieve their self-determined health protection level. This level, called the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) or the acceptable level of risk, represents a key feature of the SPS Agreement.

The right to adopt SPS measures to achieve a given appropriate level of protection is accompanied by basic obligations. Essentially, countries may adopt SPS measures provided the measures:

• are applied only to the extent necessary to protect life or health;
   
• are based on scientific principles and not maintained without sufficient scientific evidence (except emergency or provisional measures); and
   
• do not unjustifiably discriminate between national and foreign, or among foreign sources of supply.
    

Members have two options to show that their measures are based on science. They may either:

• base their measures on international standards; or
   
• base their measures on scientific risk assessment.

To find out how this article has been applied in dispute settlement see relevant findings in the Variety Testing case.