L
Labour Markets Integration Agreement (GATS V bis), notification format GATS 57
language, parties?submissions DSU 1387
least-developed countries (LDCs)
see also developing countries; developing countries (SG 9); Enabling Clause; Enabling Clause (EC); special treatment of least-developed countries (EC 2(d)); Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to least-developed countries (IF); NFIDC, implementation (AG 16); special and differential treatment for developing countries (Doha); special procedures involving LDCs (DSU 24); technical cooperation and capacity building (Doha); technical and financial assistance and training; Trade, Debt and Finance, Working Group on (Doha 36) trade and environment (Doha 31?); transparency mechanism (PTAs) (2010); least-developed countries?products
accession to membership, facilitation and acceleration of process WTO 251?a href="wto_agree_03_e.htm#252">2
Guidelines for Facilitation and Acceleration of Negotiations (2002) WTO 251?a href="wto_agree_03_e.htm#252">2
High-Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives WTO 251
work programme (Doha 42) WTO 251
Comprehensive and Integrated WTO Plan of Action for the least-developed countries (1996) WTO 108, 110
positive measures taken by Members WTO 114
cooperation between WTO and other multilateral agencies, High Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives for Least-Developed Countries?Trade Development (1977) WTO 109
Decision on duty-free and quota-free market access for LDCs (2005) (DFQF): see MFN treatment (GATT I:1); Decision on duty-free and quota-free market access for LDCs (2005) (DFQF)
Decision on implementation-related concerns (2000) and
SCM 3.1(a), exemption SCM 530
SCM 27.4 (extension of transition period): see developing countries (SCM 27); phase out/standstill obligation (SCM 27.4)
SCM 27.5 and 27.6 (phase-out of export subsidies) SCM 530
Decision on Measures in Favour of Least-Developed Countries (Doha), Doha Round negotiations related to WTO 311
favourable and preferential treatment WTO 114?a href="wto_agree_02_e.htm#121">21, GATT 1107
High-Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives for the Least-Developed Countries?Trade Development WTO 109, 114, 251, GATT 1102
Joint Integrated Technical Assistance (JITAP), identification of ways of enhancing and rationalizing (Doha) WTO 111
market access
duty and quota-free access as objective (Doha 42?) WTO 115
integration into multilateral trading system and
original membership, special arrangements (WTO XI:2) including Ministerial Decision on Measures in Favour of LDCs WTO 234?a href="wto_agree_03_e.htm#237">7
搒erious prejudice?(SCM 5(c)) DSU 1321?a href="dsu_09_e.htm#1323">3
small economies (Doha 35) GATT 1108?a href="gatt1994_10_e.htm#1109">9
technical assistance (SPS 9) SPS 377?a href="sps_03_e.htm#378">8
technical assistance (TBT 12), 6.132?1: see also special and differential treatment (TBT 12)
TPRM reviews TPRM 17
Waiver on Preferential Tariff Treatment for LDCs (1999): see MFN treatment (GATT I:1); Waiver on Preferential Tariff Treatment for LDCs (1999)
WTO Work Programme for the Least-Developed Countries GATT 1097
least-developed countries (LDCs) (TRIPS 66)
enhanced technical cooperation (TRIPS Council decision of 29 November 2005) TRIPS 305
exclusive marketing rights, waiver of obligations (TRIPS 70.9) TRIPS 316
extension of transition period (TRIPS 66.1) TRIPS 294?a href="trips_03_e.htm#296">6, 305
reports by developed country Members (TRIPS 66.2) TRIPS 298
Least-Developed Countries Sub-Committee
establishment WTO 105
notifications, market access measures under Waiver on Preferential Treatment for LDCs GATT 103
observer status WTO 103
rules of procedure WTO 106
terms of reference WTO 105
work programme WTO 107, 117, GATT 1097?a href="gatt1994_10_e.htm#1101">101
Least-Developed and Net Food-Importing Countries, Decision on Measures concerning the Possible Negative Effects of the Reform Programme, implementation (AG 16) (NFIDC): see NFIDC implementation (AG 16)
legal basis of claim/ 揷laim?/ 搈atter referred?(DSU 6.2/7.1)
see also notice of appeal requirements (ABWP 20(2)(d)); claims and arguments distinguished
arguments distinguished DSU 120, 303, 305, 309, 314, 323?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#334">34, 411?a href="dsu_04_e.htm#412">12, 624
clarification of claim during proceedings DSU 114, 120, 152, 270, 306, 309, 325, 327, 328, 329 n. 529, 334, 342, 345, 348, 349, 415
evidence to support claim distinguished DSU 328, 410
identification of specific measure distinguished AD 898, DSU 196?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#199">9, 220, 370
identification of treaty provisions DSU 307?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#319">19, 1146
clauses/subclauses, relevance DSU 316
complementary or alternative claims and DSU 318
揺specially, but not exclusively? DSU 313
搃ncluding but not necessarily limited to? DSU 310
linked multiple obligations DSU 315
listing of articles without explanation, sufficiency DSU 309, 311, 312
obligation of panel to address cited provisions (DSU 7.2)
reference to mutually exclusive articles DSU 317
right of panel to address provisions other than those cited (DSU 7.2) DSU 424
limitation of jurisdiction to cited provisions (DSU 7.2) DSU 313, 352, 424, 519, 520
developing countries, special and differential provisions and (DSU 12.1) DSU 717
rectification at subsequent stages, arguments in written or other submission or statement DSU 323
reliance on issues raised in underlying anti-dumping dispute DSU 322
request for consultations (DSU 4.4) compared DSU 158?a href="dsu_02_e.htm#159">9
summary 搒ufficient to present the problem clearly? DSU 186?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#191">91, 193?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#194">4, 196, 302?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#303">3, 306, 332, 340?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#345">5, 376?a href="dsu_04_e.htm#378">8, 415
which measures violate which provisions requirement DSU 320?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#321">1
legal status of adopted AB reports (DSU 17.14)
as final resolution of dispute DSU 826, 899, 901, 1137
as precedent DSU 53, 68, 835, 899?a href="dsu_07_e.htm#903">903, 903
adopted reports (DSU 16) DSU 820?a href="dsu_06_e.htm#821">1
揹istinguishing?previous cases and DSU 825
as final resolution of dispute DSU 826, 901, 1130, 1138
搈oot?/ 搊f no legal effect?finding DSU 892?a href="dsu_07_e.htm#895">5
搊ther decisions of the Contracting Parties to GATT 1947?(GATT 1994 1(b)(iv)), whether WTO 275, GATT 169 n. 240, DSU 820?a href="dsu_06_e.htm#821">1, 899
reports reversed by AB AD 368 n. 495, DSU 824
reports on same subject-matter in parallel proceedings DSU 823
unadopted reports WTO 280, AD 878, DSU 1148
unappealed findings WTO 281, GATT 1041, DSU 822, 826, 892, 901, 1115, 1130, 1138?a href="dsu_08_e.htm#1139">9
legislation as such, right to challenge (WTO XVI:4) WTO 286?a href="wto_agree_04_e.htm#287">7, 291?a href="wto_agree_04_e.htm#293">3, 295, DSU 278?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#301">301
AD 17.3/AD 17.4 AD 873?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#877">7, 891?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#893">3
AD 18.4 and AD 143?a href="anti_dumping_01_e.htm#145">5, 878
analysis of legislation for purposes of DSU 280
claims 揳s such?vs claims 揳s applied? relevance of distinction DSU 277, 336?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#338">8
conformity of laws with WTO obligations, obligation to ensure, see also consultation and dispute settlement (AD 17)
future application distinguished SCM 483
GATT II:1 and GATT 120
GATT XXIII:1(a) and
legislation adopted by customs union DSU 246
mandatory/discretionary legislation, distinguishability AD 878?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#880">80, 880 n. 1188, 969, SCM 71, 81, DSU 278, 289?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#301">301
affirmative defence (SCM Illustrative List item (k)) and SCM 662?a href="subsidies_05_e.htm#664">4
assessment of mandatory nature AD 879, DSU 291?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#295">5
burden of proof and DSU 336
GATT practice AD 882, DSU 40, 278, 289?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#290">90
order of analysis DSU 294?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#295">5
rejection/non-endorsement of doctrine DSU 296?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#301">301
relevance AD 881?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#882">2, DSU 296?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#301">301
resort to facts available (AD 6.8/Annex II) and AD 602
normative value as determining factor DSU 264, 281?a href="dsu_03_e.htm#288">8
security and predictability of WTO obligations (DSU 3.2) and DSU 45, 281
seriousness of claim/need for diligence in presentation DSU 279
State responsibility and DSU 339
subsidy programmes: see subsidy definition (SCM 1.1(b)) (conferral of benefit); subsidy programmes as such, right to challenge (mandatory/discretionary distinction)
Tokyo Round Anti-Dumping Code AD 878
unilateral action (DSU 23) and DSU 339, 1312
unwritten instrument and DSU 288
US Customs Bond Directive AD 964
legitimate expectations: see GATT 1947/WTO continuity, decisions, procedures and customary practices under GATT 1947 (WTO XVI:1); good faith interpretation of treaty (VCLT 31 (1)), legitimate expectations, relevance; interpretation of covered agreements, rules relating to including VCLT provisions, legitimate expectations (including GATT II:5 provisions); non-violation claims (GATT XXIII:1(b)), 揵enefit?/legitimate expectation of improved market access as
Berne 9.1 TRIPS 145
TRIPS 13 TRIPS 109, 118 n. 123, 122?a href="trips_01_e.htm#126">6, 145
TRIPS 17 TRIPS 139?a href="trips_01_e.htm#143">43, 145
TRIPS 26.2 TRIPS 145
TRIPS 30 TRIPS 189, 198?a href="trips_02_e.htm#203">203
less favourable treatment: see MFN treatment (GATS II); national treatment, regulatory discrimination (GATT III:4); 搇ess favourable treatment?/a>; national treatment (TRIPS 3) see also under 搕reatment no less favourable?(TRIPS 3.1)
lex specialis/presumption against treaty conflicts
2.404, 2.666 n. 937, 7.8, 8.83, 8.934, 13.527, 13.694?, 16.249, 17.1713: see also order of analysis, relationships within and between agreements, special or additional rules and procedures (DSU 1.2 and Appendix 2)
揷onflict? DSU 1717, 1719?a href="dsu_10_e.htm#1720">20
General Interpretative Note (WTO Annex 1A) WTO 25, GATT 495?a href="gatt1994_04_e.htm#496">6, TRIMs 5, SCM 583?a href="subsidies_04_e.htm#584">4, DSU 1714?a href="dsu_10_e.htm#1729">29
possibilities of conflict considered by panel/AB
AD 18.1/GATT VI DSU 1726
AD/DSU provisions AD 870?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#872">2
GATT VI/SCM Part V DSU 1723
GATT X:3(a)/LIC 1.3 DSU 1718, 1726
GATT XIX/SG 2.1 DSU 1720
GATT XX(b)/SCM DSU 1727
GATT X:3/VAL 11.1 DSU 1728
GATT/LIC and TRIMs 2 TRIMs 41?a href="trims_01_e.htm#42">2, DSU 1717?a href="dsu_10_e.htm#1718">18
GATT/SPS DSU 1719
GATT/TBT DSU 1729
GATT/TRIMs DSU 1722
ILC Articles on State Responsibility SCM 331 n. 557
SCM/TRIMs TRIMs 7?a href="trims_01_e.htm#9">9, SCM 694?a href="subsidies_05_e.htm#695">5, DSU 1712
TRIPS/Berne Convention TRIPS 85?a href="trips_01_e.htm#89">9
TRIPS/WIPO Copyright Agreement (1966) TRIPS 89
precedence/hierarchy in case of conflict AD 870?a href="anti_dumping_04_e.htm#872">2, SCM 690?a href="subsidies_05_e.htm#692">2, DSU 1720, 1724, 1726
LIC Committee Decision on Avoidance of Procedural and Institutional Duplication LIC 48
as QR (GATT XI:1) GATT 606, 612?a href="gatt1994_05_e.htm#614">14
progressive elimination (GATT XIII:2(b)) GATT 669
搇ike or directly competitive product? (SG 2.1/SG 4.1(c))
causation analysis (SG 4.2(b)) compared SG 191
揹omestic industry?(SG 4.1(c)) and SG 130?a href="safeguards_02_e.htm#134">4
揷ollective output ?constitutes a major proportion? representative data and SG 135?a href="safeguards_02_e.htm#138">8
integration of production processes, relevance SG 134
object and purpose (preamble) as aid to definition SG 2
損roducers as a whole? SG 132?a href="safeguards_02_e.htm#133">3
as sole determinant ATC 40 n. 50, SG 131
finding of inconsistency with, effect SG 129
specific product, need for SG 132
搇ike product?(GATT I) GATT 39?a href="gatt1994_01_e.htm#44">44
揳ny product originating in or destined for another country? GATT 45
GATT practice GATT 44
搇ike product?analysis
explicit discrimination and GATT 40
nationality of producer or origin of product (揾ypothetical? like products) GATT 41, 43
搇ike product?(GATT III:2 and III:4) compared GATT 39
relevant factors: see 搇ike product? (GATT III:2 and III:4); relevant factors
搇ike product?(GATT III:2 and III:4)
burden of proof GATT 240
determination of 搇ikeness?/p>
in case of conflicting evidence GATT 336
narrow interpretation GATT 241, 242, 260
need to take account of all the evidence GATT 331, 336
as a relative concept (揳ccordion?/case-by-case approach GATT 241?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#242">2, 248, 260, 342?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#344">4, SCM 424, DSU 841, 859
directly competitive or substitutable products distinguished GATT 234, 254?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#256">6, 328?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#330">30
GATT practice GATT 253
GATT I compared GATT 39
GATT III:1 compared/as context GATT 227, 328, 342
GATT III:2 and III:4 interrelationship GATT 257?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#259">9, 328?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#330">30, 342?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#347">7
consistency of interpretation GATT 342, 345
搇ess favourable treatment?requirement and GATT 345?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#347">7
GATT practice GATT 253
relevant factors
2.241?3, 2.331?0: see also directly competitive or substitutable products (GATT III:2)
Border Tax Adjustment Working Party Report GATT 241, 260, 343
competitive relationship GATT 324, 332?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#335">5, 342, 343
evidence of health risks, relevance GATT 334
consumer preferences GATT 42, 241, 242, 248, 331, 333?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#336">6, 343
health risks and GATT 334
cross-price elasticity GATT 286?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#289">9
differences between sellers GATT 252
end-uses GATT 42, 241, 242, 248, 333, 337, 343
GATT practice GATT 349
nationality of producer or origin of product (揾ypothetical? like products) GATT 41, 43, 248?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#251">51, 338?a href="gatt1994_03_e.htm#340">40, DSU 598 n. 955
nature of product GATT 332, 343
physical properties GATT 42, 241, 242, 248, 332, 334, 337
situation of parties dealing in [subject products] GATT 337
tariff bindings GATT 246?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#247">7
tariff classifications GATT 42, 245?a href="gatt1994_02_e.htm#246">6, 343
搇ike product?(SCM 15 footnote 46)
揷haracteristics closely resembling? SCM 424?a href="subsidies_03_e.htm#428">8
physical characteristics SCM 426
price SCM 426?a href="subsidies_03_e.htm#427">7
unassembled/assembled products SCM 428
搇ike service and service supplier? (GATS II:1), wholesale transactions GATS 36?a href="gats_01_e.htm#37">7, 128
as benefit (SCM 14(c)) SCM 93, 414?a href="subsidies_03_e.htm#415">15
as direct transfer of funds (SCM 1.1(a)(1)) SCM 30?a href="subsidies_01_e.htm#31">1
Lom?waiver WTO 209, GATT 114, 682?a href="gatt1994_05_e.htm#683">3, DSU 534
right of Panel to consider DSU 534